Triple Unite or Three Pound Piece: Charles I (obverse); Declaration on Scroll (Cleveland Museum of Art 1969.195)

When the Civil War or Great Rebellion started in 1642, Charles I, having raised his standard at Nottingham on August 22, 1642, fought his way south through the battles of Edgehill and Brentford, but failing to enter London he finally set up his headquarters at Christ Church College, Oxford. At Wellington, Shropshire, on September 19, the king had declared to the that he would protect "the religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, (and) the liberty of Parliament." This declaration, abbreviated and rendered in Latin, appeared on various denominations of the royal coinage as propaganda. In full it reads RELIGIO PROTESTANIUM LEGES ANGLIÆ LIBERTAS PARLIAMENTI. The plume initial mark does not now serve as a date indication as it did before the war started. This, the largest and heaviest type of gold coin ever to be struck in England, is very rare. It was doubtless made from local plate, so much of which, in gold and silver, the king "borrowed" from the colleges of Oxford and from his supporters, promising to repay when better times returned. Cleveland Museum of Art object 1969.195: Triple Unite or Three Pound Piece: Charles I (obverse); Declaration on Scroll (reverse), 1643. England, Charles I, 1625-1649. Gold; diameter: 4.6 cm (1 13/16 in.). Inscribed: CAROLUS DG MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB REX (Charles by the Grace of God King of Great Britain France and Ireland); III RELIG PROT LEG ANG LIBER PAR 1643 (The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England and the Liberty of Parliament 1643); EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI (Let God arise and His Enemies be Scattered). Details are those of this museum object; how far it represents a wider type has not been independently verified.