Atlas of issuers

kingdom · North Africa

Egyptian state issuing piastre coinage and, from 1899, National Bank of Egypt notes.

Succeeded by the Republic of Egypt.

• National Bank of Egypt banknotes

dominion · Southern Africa

British dominion issuing sterling-standard coinage and bilingual stamps.

Succeeded by the Republic of South Africa.

• South African Union five shillings
• South African bilingual definitive stamps

state · Southern Africa

Republic of Zimbabwe; issuer of the hyperinflation note series of 2008.

• Zimbabwe 100 Trillion Dollar Note, 2008

colony · East Asia

British colony issuing its own coinage, stamps and bank-issued notes.

Transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997.

• British Hong Kong colonial coinage

colonial-administration · South Asia

Territories under direct British Crown administration after 1858.

Succeeded by the Republic of India and Pakistan in 1947.

• British India rupee
• Scinde Dawk

state · East Asia

Meiji-era modernisation introduced Western-style coinage and, later, a major watch industry.

• Japanese One Yen Silver Coin
• Japanese mon coin
• Japanese Showa era definitive stamps

kingdom · East Asia

Korean state issuing cash coinage and, from the 1890s, Western-style struck coins.

Annexed by Japan in 1910.

• Korean cast cash coinage (Joseon)

kingdom · Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian monarchy which moved from bullet money to struck baht coinage.

Renamed Thailand in 1939.

• Siamese bullet money (Pot Duang)

kingdom · West Asia

Persian monarchy issuing kran and later rial coinage.

Renamed Iran in 1935.

• Persian silver kran (Qajar)

empire · East Asia

Last imperial dynasty of China; issued cast cash and later machine-struck coinage.

Succeeded by the Republic of China.

• Qing cash coin

republic · East Asia

Republican Chinese state issuing dollar/yuan coinage and extensive paper currency.

Continued on Taiwan after 1949; mainland succeeded by the People's Republic of China.

• Republic of China silver dollar

republic · Levant

Modern state whose first coins and notes were issued from 1948.

• First coinage of the State of Israel

colony · Southeast Asia

British colonial territory issuing dollar coinage and government notes.

Succeeded by Malayan and Singaporean issues.

• Straits Settlements dollar

city-state · Attica, Greece

Classical Athenian city-state, issuer of the silver tetradrachm known as the "owl".

Coinage of the classical Athenian polis; not to be filed under the modern Hellenic Republic.

• Athenian Owl Tetradrachm

empire · Central Europe

A dual monarchy issuing parallel Austrian and Hungarian coinage under one ruler.

Succeeded by Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland in part.

• Austro-Hungarian Empire — 1 Corona — Silver
• Maria Theresa Thaler
• Austrian 20 kreuzer

empire · Eastern Mediterranean

The eastern Roman state, with a continuous gold, silver and copper coinage centred on Constantinople.

• Byzantine Gold Solidus

state · Balkans

Rump Yugoslav federation whose 1993-94 hyperinflation produced successive dinar note series.

Succeeded by Serbia and Montenegro; entries remain under the issuing state of the period.

• Yugoslav Hyperinflation Dinar Notes, 1993–1994

state · Western Europe

Successive republics, empires and kingdoms with distinct monetary and postal histories.

• France — Semeuse (Sower) Definitive Series
• French 20 Francs Gold Coin
• French Ceres Issue, 1849
• Napoleon 20 francs
• Assignat
• Merson type high values
• French Marianne definitive stamps

empire · Central Europe

Federal empire with imperial coinage alongside state issues.

Succeeded by the Weimar Republic.

• German Empire 20 Mark Gold Coin
• German Empire 1 mark
• Germania definitive series
• West German Heuss definitive stamps

state · Central Europe

Hungarian state; issuer of the pengo and, in 1946, of the highest denominations recorded in circulation.

Post-1918 Hungarian state, distinct from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

• Hungarian B.-Pengo Notes, 1946

republic · British Isles

Irish state which introduced its own distinctive coinage in 1928.

• Irish Free State coinage (Barnyard series)

state · Southern Europe

Kingdom of Italy from unification in 1861, republic from 1946.

• Kingdom of Italy silver lira

kingdom · Western Europe

Founding member of the Latin Monetary Union.

• Belgian 5 francs silver

kingdom · Scandinavia

Scandinavian monarchy; member of the Scandinavian Monetary Union from 1873.

• Danish 2 kroner silver

kingdom · Southern Europe

Greek monarchy issuing drachma coinage, partly within the Latin Monetary Union standard.

Succeeded by successive Greek republics and monarchies; modern Hellenic Republic.

• Greek silver drachma coinage (Kingdom of Greece)

kingdom · Scandinavia

Norwegian state, in union with Sweden until 1905; Scandinavian Monetary Union member.

• Norwegian 2 kroner silver

kingdom · Iberian Peninsula

Long-lived Iberian monarchy with extensive colonial and gold coinage.

Succeeded by the Portuguese Republic.

• Portuguese gold coinage of the monarchy

kingdom · Iberian Peninsula

Peseta-era Spanish monarchy following the Latin Monetary Union standard.

Restoration monarchy; succeeded by the Second Spanish Republic.

• Spanish 5 pesetas silver, Alfonso XIII

kingdom · Scandinavia

Scandinavian monarchy; member of the Scandinavian Monetary Union from 1873.

• Swedish 2 kronor silver

state · Western Europe

Kingdom of the Netherlands.

• Netherlands silver guilder

empire · Anatolia and the Balkans

Long-lived empire spanning south-eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Middle East.

Succeeded by the Republic of Turkey.

• Ottoman kurus

state · Southern Europe

Territories under direct papal temporal rule.

Absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1870; the Vatican City State is a later, separate entity.

• Papal States scudo

empire · Mediterranean

Imperial Rome issued an extensive precious-metal and base-metal coinage across dozens of mints.

Eastern continuation catalogued separately as the Byzantine Empire.

• Roman Empire — Trajan — Silver Denarius
• Roman Republican Denarius

empire · Eastern Europe

Imperial Russian state; rouble-based coinage and state credit notes.

Succeeded by the Russian Republic, then the Soviet Union.

• Imperial silver rouble
• State credit note

republic · Central Europe

Interwar Polish state which replaced the inflationary mark with the zloty in 1924.

Interwar state; succeeded after 1945 by the Polish People's Republic.

• Polish zloty coinage of the 1924 reform

empire · Iberia and the Americas

Spanish monarchy and its colonial mints, issuers of the eight-real silver coinage.

Colonial mints in Mexico, Potosi and Lima issued under Spanish authority; entries stay under the empire, not modern successor states.

• Spanish Colonial Eight Reales

state · Western Europe

Federal state and the principal centre of commercial watchmaking from the nineteenth century.

• Omega Speedmaster — Chronograph Wristwatch
• Swiss 20 Francs Vreneli
• Basel Dove, 1845

state · Western Europe

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from 1927 of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

• United Kingdom — George V — Bronze Penny
• Great Britain — Penny Black — 1840
• Seahorse high value stamps
• Machin definitive series
• British Gold Sovereign
• British Godless Florin, 1849
• British Penny Red
• British Two Pence Blue, 1840
• Bank of England White Five Pound Note
• Cartwheel penny, 1797
• Maundy money set
• Penny, 1933
• Bronze farthing
• Bank of England ten shilling note
• British Treasury one pound note (Bradbury)
• British Wilding definitive stamps

state · Central Europe

German republic whose 1922-1923 hyperinflation produced one of the largest paper-money series in history.

Succeeded by the National Socialist state.

• Weimar Republic — Reichsbanknote — 100,000 Mark — 1923
• German Notgeld
• Rentenmark note

colony · Eastern seaboard

British North American colonies issuing local coinage and colonial paper currency.

Succeeded by the United States of America.

• British colonial American paper currency

state · Northern North America

Dominion of Canada from 1867; decimal coinage and federal paper money.

• Canadian silver dollar
• Canadian large cent
• Three penny beaver

republic · Southern United States

Short-lived secessionist state issuing treasury notes and a small stamp series.

Dissolved in 1865; territory returned to the United States.

• Confederate States treasury notes
• Confederate States general issue stamps

state · Central America

Independent Mexico, successor to the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

• Mexican peso, caballito type

state · North America

Federal issuer of coinage and, through several authorities, many distinct classes of paper money.

• American Waltham Watch Company — Model 1857 Pocket Watch Movement
• United States — Silver Certificate — 1 Dollar — Series 1935
• United States Morgan Dollar
• United States Lincoln Wheat Cent
• United States Buffalo Nickel
• United States Mercury Dime
• United States Inverted Jenny, 1918
• United States First Issue, 1847
• United States Two Dollar Federal Reserve Note, Series 1976
• Flowing Hair dollar
• Saint-Gaudens double eagle
• Indian Head cent
• Standing Liberty quarter
• Educational Series silver certificate
• Large size legal tender note
• Columbian Exposition issue
• First United States airmail issue
• United States Peace dollar
• United States Walking Liberty half dollar
• United States Franklin half dollar
• United States one dollar silver certificate, 1957 series
• United States national bank notes

state · Australasia

Commonwealth of Australia from federation in 1901.

• Kangaroo and map series
• Holey dollar and dump
• Commonwealth of Australia penny

state · Australasia

British colony, later dominion and independent state.

• New Zealand crown, 1935

republic · Southern Cone

South American republic with extensive peso coinage and paper currency.

• Argentine silver peso (Patacon)

state · South America

Empire of Brazil from 1822, republic from 1889.

• Bull's Eye issue

republic · Andes

Andean republic; successor to the Spanish colonial mint at Lima.

• Peruvian silver sol