Bibliography

Sources and their weight

Each record lists the references used to build it. Sources are ranked so readers can judge how strong the underlying evidence is.

Tier 1 — Primary and institutional

Museums, archives, central banks, mints, postal administrations, manufacturer archives.

American Numismatic Society Collection

American Numismatic Society · ANS

museum collection

Ancient through modern coinage

Searchable institutional numismatic database.

Cited by 3 records

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Banco de Mexico historical collections

Banco de Mexico

central bank

Institutional documentation of Mexican and related currency history.

Cited by 1 record

Bank of England Museum and Archive

Bank of England

institutional archive

Primary documentation for Bank of England note issues.

Cited by 1 record

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British Museum Collection Online

British Museum · British Museum

museum collection

Global collections including coins and medals

Institutional object records with measurements and provenance.

Cited by 5 records

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Deutsche Bundesbank Money Museum

Deutsche Bundesbank · Deutsche Bundesbank

central bank archive

German monetary history

Institutional records of German currency including the 1923 inflation issues.

Cited by 2 records

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Smithsonian National Postal Museum

Smithsonian Institution · Smithsonian

museum collection

Postal history and stamps

Institutional philatelic records and exhibits.

Cited by 7 records

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Tier 2 — Major specialist publications

Recognised catalogues, academic books, specialist societies.

Coins of England and the United Kingdom

Spink & Son

standard catalogue

Standard reference for English, British and United Kingdom coin types.

Catalogue numbers must be transcribed from a specific dated edition.

Cited by 2 records

Michel-Katalog

Schwaneberger Verlag · Schwaneberger Verlag · Annual

standard catalogue

Worldwide, detailed German-area treatment

Michel numbering, dominant in German-speaking Europe.

Cited by 5 records

National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors

NAWCC · NAWCC

specialist society

Horology, with strong American coverage

Society library, research bulletins and message-board scholarship.

Cited by 3 records

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Paper Money of the United States

Arthur L. Friedberg and Ira S. Friedberg · Coin & Currency Institute

standard catalogue

Standard numbering system for US federal paper money.

Friedberg numbers vary between editions; transcribe from a verified copy.

Cited by 3 records

Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue

Amos Media · Amos Media · Annual, multiple volumes

standard catalogue

Worldwide

Scott numbering, dominant in North America.

Cited by 8 records

Standard Catalog of World Coins

Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler · Krause Publications · Multiple volumes by century

standard catalogue

World coinage, 1601 to present

Widely used KM numbering. Editions differ; always cite the edition consulted.

Cited by 43 records

Standard Catalog of World Paper Money

Albert Pick and successors · Krause Publications · General Issues / Specialized Issues / Modern Issues

standard catalogue

World paper money

The Pick numbering system is the common reference framework for world banknotes.

Cited by 11 records

Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogue

Stanley Gibbons Ltd · Stanley Gibbons · Annual

standard catalogue

Worldwide, with detailed British Commonwealth treatment

SG numbering. Differs from Scott and Michel for many issues.

Cited by 7 records

Watchmakers and Clockmakers of the World

G. H. Baillie · NAG Press · 1929

reference book

Makers to the early twentieth century

Standard biographical register of makers; later volumes extend coverage.

Cited by 2 records

Watchmaking

George Daniels · Philip Wilson Publishers · 1981

reference book

Hand watchmaking technique and escapement design

Authoritative technical treatment of escapement construction.

Cited by 2 records

Copyrighted catalogues are used for verification only. Their text, images and databases are not reproduced here; catalogue numbers are recorded as identifiers with attribution to the system that issued them.