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Catalogue

Cameras

Photographic apparatus classified by maker, model, format and mount.

Scope

Photographic apparatus described by maker, model, film or plate format and lens.

Named camera models are retained; generic entries recorded only as 'camera' with a maker were withdrawn.

What to record when identifying

  • Maker and model name on the body
  • Film or plate format
  • Lens maker, focal length and shutter
  • Body construction: box, folding, reflex

Published entries

165

Individual types and documented families

With photographs

100%

165 with a credited real-object photo

Dated span

1840 – 2014

100 entries with their own date

Verified or well documented

0

Highest two confidence levels

1–48 of 165 entries

1950 Rolleiflex K4A 3.5 twin lens reflex camera with Schneider-Kreuznach Xenar lens

Auction house “Ace Of Estates”, via Invaluable

cameras

1950 Rolleiflex K4A 3.5 twin lens reflex camera with Schneider-Kreuznach Xenar lens

1950

This vintage 1950 Rolleiflex K4A 3.5 is a classic Twin Lens Reflex (TLR) camera, representing an important era of post-war German optical engineering. Constructed by Franke & Heidecke in Braunschweig, this model is part of the Rolleiflex Standard series and features the advanced 'Automat' film advance system for eff…

Probable

Partial type record

1951 LEICA IIIF RANGEFINDER

Lion and Unicorn / Invaluable

cameras

1951 LEICA IIIF RANGEFINDER

1951

The IIIF series introduced features that would bring Leicas into the ultimate echelon of photographic capability- a broad range of shutter speeds, removable lenses using the M39 screw format, and a flash synchronization port with delay settings. This camera comes with its leather case, lens, and a Leica lens cap. fe…

Probable

Partial type record

1960 LEICA M2 VORLAUFWERK 35MM RANGEFINDER CAMERA

Bradford's / Invaluable

cameras

1960 LEICA M2 VORLAUFWERK 35MM RANGEFINDER CAMERA

1960

Camera body No. 1004981. Lens serial no. 3911961. It features a Leica M bayonet mount for interchangeable lenses and a combined viewfinder and rangefinder system with brightline frames for 35mm, 50mm, 90mm, and 135mm focal lengths. The camera utilizes a cloth focal plane shutter offering speeds from 1 second to 1/10…

Probable

Partial type record

5-Franc Camera

Archaeology and Museum Baselland via Europeana

cameras

5-Franc Camera

5-Franc Camera is held by Archaeology and Museum Baselland (Switzerland). Description supplied by the holding institution: The donor on the object: This simple camera could be bought back then for 5 francs. This camera was produced and purchased in 1916. Our family was still taking photographs with it in the 1970s.…

Documented

Partial type record

Academy Camera

Victoria and Albert Museum

cameras

Academy Camera

1881

This object is an Academy Camera, a small twin-lens wooden camera dating to 1881. It was manufactured by A. Marion & Co. The camera features a wooden box body measuring 120 mm in height, 65 mm in length, and 140 mm in depth. The apparatus is constructed with plates held inside a box positioned underneath the camera…

Documented

Partial type record

Agfa Isola I camera

Science Center and Technology Museum (NOESIS) via Europeana

cameras

Agfa Isola I camera

AGFA ISOLA I CAMERA, AGFA is held by Science Center and Technology Museum (NOESIS). Museum description: Medium format camera. He used Rollfilm B 2 6x9 (120) which gave 12 shots of 6 cm x 6 cm. The aperture is not metal sheeted, but 3 circular apertures of different sizes, on a metal sheet that can be rotated. The mu…

Documented

Partial type record

American Optical Co. large format wooden bellows camera

Auction house “Weiss Auctions”, via Invaluable

cameras

American Optical Co. large format wooden bellows camera

Late 19th century (patents 1883, 1885)

This antique large format camera was produced by the American Optical Company of New York, under the proprietorship of Scovill Mfg. Co. The camera is constructed from wood and features brass hardware throughout. It includes an extending bellows system and a ground-glass rear assembly. The piece is marked with two Fl…

Probable

Partial type record

Analog SLR camera Canon EOS 300

Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum via Europeana

cameras

Analog SLR camera Canon EOS 300

Analog SLR camera Canon EOS 300 is held by Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum. Museum description: The EOS 300 is one of the last analog SLR cameras Canon built. It was produced from 1999 to 2002 and was a great success. It exposed 24x36 35mm film. It offered everything needed for easy photography, was inexpensive, and…

Documented

Partial type record

Analog SLR camera PENTAX spotmatic

Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum via Europeana

cameras

Analog SLR camera PENTAX spotmatic

Analog SLR camera PENTAX spotmatic is held by Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum. Museum description: Analog single-lens reflex camera from the company Asahi Pentax / Japan. Pentax was and is always at the forefront of photographic technology development. The Spotmatic was the first production camera to measure exposure…

Documented

Partial type record

Analog SLR camera PETRI V6II

Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum via Europeana

cameras

Analog SLR camera PETRI V6II

Analog SLR camera PETRI V6II is held by Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum. Museum description: The Petri V 6II is an analog single-lens reflex camera by the Japanese company Kuribayashi/Petri, which was founded around 1900 and had to close in 1975. They built robust, solid cameras; the V 6II is one of their last. It ha…

Documented

Partial type record

ANTIQUE BELGIAN STUDIO BELLOWS CAMERA.

Arenberg Auctions / Invaluable

cameras

ANTIQUE BELGIAN STUDIO BELLOWS CAMERA.

1863-1938

Wood, brass and glass, 125 x 70 x 52 cm, Belgian manufacturer's plaque in front "V. Spanoghe/Fabricant/Bruxelles", crank handle, lens Voigtländer & Sohn/Braunschweig. - Victor Pierre Spanoghe (1863-1938) was the father-in-law of Emile Sergysels (known as an architectural photographer) and a cabinetmaker-carpenter sp…

Probable

Partial type record

Box camera with viewfinder Agfa Clack

Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum via Europeana

cameras

Box camera with viewfinder Agfa Clack

Box camera with viewfinder Agfa Clack is held by Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum. Museum description: Shown here are 3 Agfa Clack cameras, described by the Agfa Kamera Museum - Scholz as follows: The Agfa Clack is also referred to as an iconic camera of the 1950s, although it still belongs to the box cameras. At the…

Documented

Partial type record

Brownie 127

Victoria and Albert Museum

cameras

Brownie 127

1956-1959

Maker: Kodak. Date: 1956-1959. Kodak 'Brownie 127' camera, with canvas carry case, lens filter and close-up lens. Materials and techniques: Compression moulded Bakelite, urea formaldehyde; cotton canvas; steel; acrylic; printed paper. Only details stated in the V&A collection record are recorded here.

Documented

Partial type record

Brownie Vecta camera

Victoria and Albert Museum

cameras

Brownie Vecta camera

ca. 1964

The Brownie Vecta is a camera produced in England circa 1964. It was designed by Kenneth Grange and manufactured by Kodak, also recorded as the Eastman Kodak Company. The camera features a plastic body assembled with nickel-plated fittings, constructed from plastic and nickel materials. The object is recorded as a w…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera belonging to theatre photographer Douglas H. Jeffery

Victoria and Albert Museum

cameras

Camera belonging to theatre photographer Douglas H. Jeffery

late 19th century

Date: late 19th century. Wooden 18x24 field camera made by Curt Benzin in Görlitz. The object has six parts: *Camera Body, *Three film-magazines *Exposition cord (5 cm) *Crank for adjusting the camera. The lens is not the part of the object. The camera was made at the end of nineteenth century. Only details stat…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera Box Kodak Brownie No 2A, EASTMAN KODAK CO

Science Center and Technology Museum (NOESIS) via Europeana

cameras

Camera Box Kodak Brownie No 2A, EASTMAN KODAK CO

Camera Box Kodak Brownie No 2A, EASTMAN KODAK CO is held by Science Center and Technology Museum (NOESIS). Museum description: With a leather handle, in a box. The museum record gives place associated: United States of America (USA); maker recorded: EASTMAN KODAK CO.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera JIFFY KODAK, SIX-16 series II, EASTMAN KODAK CO

Science Center and Technology Museum (NOESIS) via Europeana

cameras

Camera JIFFY KODAK, SIX-16 series II, EASTMAN KODAK CO

Camera JIFFY KODAK, SIX-16 series II, EASTMAN KODAK CO is held by Science Center and Technology Museum (NOESIS). Museum description: With blower, leather handle and "open only while winding" indication on the back. The museum record gives place associated: United States of America (USA); maker recorded: EASTMAN KODA…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera lens belonging to Julia Margaret Cameron, Paris, 1840-1860

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera lens belonging to Julia Margaret Cameron, Paris, 1840-1860

1840-1860

Camera lens in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (museum number RPS.2467-2017), made in Paris, dated 1840-1860. The museum's brief description reads: Petzval type camera lens made by Jamin of Paris belonging to Julia Margaret Cameron. Museum description: Cylindrical camera lens made of brass and glass with one…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Argus Seventy-five, Michigan, 1949-1958

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Argus Seventy-five, Michigan, 1949-1958

1949-1958

Argus Seventy-five boxlike camera manufactured by Argus Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., circa 1950. It was a pseudo TLR in that, strictly speaking, it did not function as a twin lens reflex camera. It has a 75mm Lumar, single meniscus element lens, in front of a fixed aperture of f/11. There are two exposure sett…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Bilora Bella 66, Kurbi & Niggeloh, Germany, 1956

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Bilora Bella 66, Kurbi & Niggeloh, Germany, 1956

post 1956

Bilora Bella 66 camera, model 3, manufactured by Kurbi & Niggeloh, a subsiduary company of Radevormwald/RHLD, Germany, circa 1956. This model of Bilora Bella camera was first produced in 1956. The die cast aluminium body makes the camera very sturdy and gives it an expensive 'quality' appearance. It has a Meniscus f…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, brooks watson, 1928

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera, brooks watson, 1928

1928

This object is a Rajar no. 6 camera, catalogued under the object name camera. The museum record provides no detailed description of its physical design, decorative features, or individual inscriptions. The accompanying identification guidance notes that identifying such an object involves comparing the maker's name,…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Brownie Starlet Camera, Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd, 1960

Museums Victoria / Photographer: Jennifer McNair

cameras

Camera, Brownie Starlet Camera, Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd, 1960

1960

Camera for Boxed Kodak Brownie Starlet Outfit with accessories, made by Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd in their Abbotsford factory in 1960. This was the second camera model to be assembled, packaged and distributed by Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd. The Star series of cameras were assembled from more than 95% Australian parts…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Century Studio No 10A, Rochester, 1925-1926

Museums Victoria

cameras

Camera, Century Studio No 10A, Rochester, 1925-1926

1925-1926

Kodak No.10A Century Studio camera manufactured by the Folmer & Schwing Department of Eastman Kodak Company, circa 1925. This camera was formerly housed in the museum of Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd, Melbourne. It has a large lens made in France at the front, with an engraving on the barrel. The Century Studio Camera l…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Eastman Kodak Brownie Special Six-16, U.S.A., 1940

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Eastman Kodak Brownie Special Six-16, U.S.A., 1940

circa 1940

Kodak 'Brownie Special Six-16', designed by Walter Dorwin Teague and manufactured by Eastman Kodak, Rochester, U.S.A., circa 1940. The camera has an all-metal solid body with an eyelevel viewfinder and uses 616 roll film to give 2 1/2 X 4 1/4 inch images. Walter Dorwin Teague (1883-1960) was an American industrial d…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Eastman Kodak Co. Advantix T550, Rochester, 1999

Museums Victoria / Photographer: Jennifer McNair

cameras

Camera, Eastman Kodak Co. Advantix T550, Rochester, 1999

circa 1999

'Advantix' T550 35mm fixed-lens, compact, auto-focus digital camera manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, U.S.A., circa 1999. The Advantix format was a foray into digital technology, with the film able to store information that could then be transferred to CD and computer for viewing. This object is par…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Eastman Kodak Tele-Ektralite 600, USA, 1980

Museums Victoria / Photographer: Rebecca Davies

cameras

Camera, Eastman Kodak Tele-Ektralite 600, USA, 1980

1980

Kodak Tele-Ektralite 600 Camera outfit. Originally housed in a box with 24-exposure roll of Kodacolor film, monogram initials, wrist strap and instruction manual, 1980. This camera has a Sensalite flash, an 'electronic flash that turns on and off when needed'. Made by Eastman Kodak in Rochester, USA. It is part of…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Eastman Kodak, Brownie Starflash, USA, 1957-1959

Museums Victoria

cameras

Camera, Eastman Kodak, Brownie Starflash, USA, 1957-1959

1957-1959

Kodak Brownie Starflash camera, which was used and owned by Bill Boyd in the late 1950s. This popular snapshot camera was first made by Eastman Kodak in the USA in 1957 and manufacture continued until 1965. It is part of the Kodak Star range of cheap, easy to use cameras. It has a plastic body, fixed focus Dakon len…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Ebner, 1933

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera, Ebner, 1933

1933

Ebner camera, 1933. The museum record gives measurements Length 110 mm; Depth 145 mm; Height 170 mm.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Eumig C-3, Austria, 1937-1957

Museums Victoria / Photographer: Rebecca Davies

cameras

Camera, Eumig C-3, Austria, 1937-1957

1939 - 1957

9.5mm movie camera, model C-3, manufactured by Eumig in Austria circa 1937-1957. This object is part of the Kodak Heritage Collection of products, promotional materials, photographs and working life artefacts collected from Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd in 2005, when the Melbourne manufacturing plant at Coburg closed do…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Film & Plate Camera Austral No 1, Baker & Rouse, Australia, 1897-1908

Museums Victoria

cameras

Camera, Film & Plate Camera Austral No 1, Baker & Rouse, Australia, 1897-1908

1897 - 1908

The model is an Austral No 1A Film & Plate Camera. It is likely to have been made by another company - imported from England and re-badged by Baker & Rouse. Box camera with spring mounted metal film/plate holder. Film or plate size was approximatley 3 x 4 inch. The camera has a very basic lens system with an f-stop…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Hanimex Amphibian, Japan, 1983

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Hanimex Amphibian, Japan, 1983

circa 1983

Amphibian 35mm underwater camera with 35mm, 2.8 lens, distributed by Hanimex, circa 1983. Hanimex was a photographic company founded after WWII by Jack Hannes. Jack was born in 1923 in Germany and migrated to Australia in 1939 when his family fled Nazi Germany. The name Hanimex is an acronym of the first two letters…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Hasselblad 203S, Sweden, 1997

University Archives / Invaluable

cameras

Camera, Hasselblad 203S, Sweden, 1997

around 1997

Endeavour STS-111 n.p., n.d. Flown NASA Hasselblad 203S Space Camera on Endeavour STS-111, With Components, Data Module & Flown Film Magazine! This camera body and kit components were two of the last eight Hasselblad 203S cameras launched into space by NASA and returned. Two of the eight were on Space Shuttle Colum…

Probable

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak

HNM-PCC Hungarian National Museum via Europeana

cameras

Camera, Kodak

camera, Kodak is held by HNM-PCC Hungarian National Museum. Museum description: Kodak brand handheld camera with shutter. The museum record gives material recorded as metal; leather; measurements 6×12×3 cm; place associated: USA; maker recorded: Kodak.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak Auto Colorsnap 35, London, 1962

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Kodak Auto Colorsnap 35, London, 1962

circa 1962

Auto Colorsnap 35, camera manufactured by Kodak Ltd, London, U.K., circa 1962. Features a 35mm format with 43.9mm f3.9 Anaston lens and single-speed shutter. Kodak Ltd. London was the British branch of Eastman Kodak Co. It started operations in 1889 as Eastman Photographic Materials Company Limited, in London, Engla…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak Brownie Six-16, Canada, 1930s

Museums Victoria / Photographer: Benjamin Healley

cameras

Camera, Kodak Brownie Six-16, Canada, 1930s

1930s

Kodak 'Brownie Six-16' Box camera manufactured by Canadian Kodak Company Ltd, that probably dates to between 1932-41. It uses size 6-16 roll film and takes images measuring 2.5 x 4.25 inches. It is made of metal which is covered with leather on all sides except the front, which features a geometric art deco design.…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak Disc 4000, Eastman Kodak Co., U.S.A., circa 1980s

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Kodak Disc 4000, Eastman Kodak Co., U.S.A., circa 1980s

circa 1980s

Eastman Kodak Company, 'Kodak Disc 4000', Rochester, New York, U.S.A., circa 1980s. The camera, introduced in 1982, used Kodacolor HR disc film. One limitation of the camera was that the disc, which advanced automatically, could only store 15 images. Even though it was called a disc camera, it was, in fact, a film c…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak Duex, United States of America, 1940-1942

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Kodak Duex, United States of America, 1940-1942

1940-1942

Kodak 'Duex' medium format, fixed focus camera, manufactured by Kodak in Rochester, New York, U.S.A., 1940-1942. It uses size 620 roll film, and takes 6×4.5 images on a half-frame format. The camera has an eyelevel, reverse telescopic viewfinder and a Kodak Doublet, fixed aperture f/11 lens. There are two shutter sp…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak Limited Brownie Flash B, England, 1958-1960

Museums Victoria

cameras

Camera, Kodak Limited Brownie Flash B, England, 1958-1960

1958-1960

Kodak Brownie Flash B camera made by Kodak Limited in England, 1958-1960. This camera has a f11 lens and screw contact for a flash unit, as well as an exposure guide on the side. This particular example is inside its original packaging with instruction booklet. Metal bodied box camera with brown leather covering an…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak, 1930

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera, Kodak, 1930

1930

No 2. Hawkette Kodak Camera, 1930. The museum record gives measurements Length 185 mm; Depth 120 mm; Height 120 mm.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak, 1930s

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera, Kodak, 1930s

1930s

Six-20 Kodak Folding camera, ca. 1930s. The museum record gives measurements Length 80 mm; Depth 130 mm; Height 150 mm.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak, 1934

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera, Kodak, 1934

1934

Baby Brownie camera, 1934. The museum record gives measurements Length 80 mm; Depth 75 mm; Height 90 mm.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Kodak, 1936

© Victoria and Albert Museum, London

cameras

Camera, Kodak, 1936

1936

Eastman Bullet Camera, 1936. The museum record gives measurements Length 125 mm; Depth 50 mm; Height 70 mm.

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Leica M3, Leitz, Wetzlar, c. 1962

Auction Team Breker / Invaluable

cameras

Camera, Leica M3, Leitz, Wetzlar, c. 1962

c. 1962

Leica M3 with Viewfinder for Binocular Vision, c. 1962 Leitz, Wetzlar. Leica M3 no. 1058119. A camera that has seen extensive use. Unlike any other known Leitz viewfinder, this unique 1960s-era finder allows for binocular viewing: thanks to the brain's ability to process images via binocular correspondence, the use…

Probable

Partial type record

Camera, Nikon Corporation (Place of birth: Tokyo, act. 1917-2019)

Museum of the Asturian People via Europeana

cameras

Camera, Nikon Corporation (Place of birth: Tokyo, act. 1917-2019)

Camera, Nikon Corporation (Place of birth: Tokyo, act. 1917-2019) is held by Museum of the Asturian People. Museum description: Nikon brand camera model F50. It is one of the classics of the Japanese brand, created in 1994, it entered the American market strongly under the name N50, and was a sales success in the Un…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Paul Nadar Express Detective Tropical Model, Paris, 19th century

OstLicht Auctions / Invaluable

cameras

Camera, Paul Nadar Express Detective Tropical Model, Paris, 19th century

19th century

format 9x12 cm. Maker's plaque inside 'Fabrique par Nadar'. The “Tropical Model” – distinguished by its varnished mahogany body with dovetailed joints and bright brass fittings – represents one of the most refined detective cameras of the late 19th century. Conceived around 1888, the Express Detective was Paul Nadar…

Probable

Partial type record

Camera, Plaubel Makina IIIR, Frankfurt, 1949

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Plaubel Makina IIIR, Frankfurt, 1949

circa 1949

Plaubel & Co. 'Makina IIIR', strut-folding, range finder camera, manufactured in Germany, circa 1949. Designed as a press camera, the Makina was able to take both roll film and single sheet film. It has an Anticomar 1:2.9 lens, with a Rapid-Compur shutter. The Plaubel Makina III was the last of the German-made Plaub…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Ross-Ensign Ltd., Ful-Vue Super, England, circa 1954

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Ross-Ensign Ltd., Ful-Vue Super, England, circa 1954

circa 1954

Ful-Vue Super camera with fixed lens manufactured by Ross-Ensign Ltd, England, circa 1954. It takes 6cm × 6cm photographs on 120 roll film and has a shutter speed of 1/30 sec. Focussing was by possibly pulling the lens out for close exposures. Marcel Natkin [1904-1962], writer, is quoted as saying of this camera: 'T…

Documented

Partial type record

Camera, Sportshot Senior Twenty, Sydney, 1950

Museums Victoria / Photographer: John Broomfield

cameras

Camera, Sportshot Senior Twenty, Sydney, 1950

circa 1950

Sportshot Senior Twenty Camera, manufactured by Australasian Camera Manufacturers Australia (ACMA), circa 1950. The camera is made from Bakelite. It is fitted with a Lentar f/3.5 meniscus lens and takes 6cm x 9cm images on 120/620 film. It has an uncommon trapezoid shape and art deco inspired features. ACMA was in o…

Documented

Partial type record

Dated entries by century

  • 19th century15
  • 20th century83
  • 21st century2

Only the 100 entries carrying their own date to within about 150 years are counted, by the earliest year given. These are catalogue holdings, not production totals.

Materials recorded in the physical descriptions

  • Polymer12
  • Brass11
  • Aluminium5
  • Zinc3
  • Nickel2
  • Silver2
  • Gold1
  • Paper1
  • Steel1

An entry made of several materials is counted once under each. Materials are counted only where the description states them.

Confidence of the published entries

  • Documented91
  • Probable68
  • Unverified6

Confidence reflects how well the sources support each entry's identification, not the object's quality or importance.

Museum specimen and identification evidence

Compare the identifying evidence

Maker and model
Record and compareCopy body, cap, barrel and clip markings exactly; separate retailer names from manufacturer names.
Limits of the evidenceA shared brand or family name does not establish a specific version; museums may preserve broad descriptions.
Camera construction
Record and compareCompare body form, film or plate format, viewfinder layout, shutter controls and lens mount with documented versions.
Limits of the evidenceDo not fire a shutter or force a back to check it. A fitted lens may be a later substitution.
Lens documentation
Record and compareRecord focal length, maximum aperture, maker, lens name and lens serial separately from the body serial.
Limits of the evidenceA lens chronology does not date the body. Exterior appearance does not establish optical or shutter condition.
Pen filling and nib
Record and compareRecord visible lever, button, cartridge connection or ink window; transcribe nib imprint and barrel markings.
Limits of the evidenceDo not disassemble or fill an unknown pen. A fitted nib may not be original, and gold colour does not establish fineness.
Version and replacement parts
Record and compareCompare controls, trim, caps, sections, backs and material patterns with a named maker archive or museum description.
Limits of the evidenceSerials need a maker-specific source. A photograph cannot prove operation, internal seals or an original assembly.

Related guides and articles

Common questions about cameras

What does the Cameras section cover?
Photographic apparatus described by maker, model, film or plate format and lens.
What should I record when identifying cameras?
Record maker and model name on the body; film or plate format; lens maker, focal length and shutter; body construction: box, folding, reflex. Compare those details with the entries here before drawing any conclusion.
How many cameras entries are published, and do they have photographs?
165 entries are published in this section; 165 of them carry at least one credited photograph of a real object, with its source and stated rights.
What period do the cameras entries cover?
100 entries carry their own date to within about a century and a half; they range from 1840 to 2014. Broader museum date ranges are kept exactly as recorded and are left out of this span.
Does Orbis value or grade cameras?
No. Orbis documents and identifies object types with cited sources. It does not grade condition, estimate prices or sell objects.